:root {
  --vcu-gold:      #f7c227;
  --vcu-gold-dark: #c9951e;
  --vcu-black:     #1a1a1a;
  --vcu-white:     #ffffff;
  --vcu-gray-1:    #f4f4f4;
  --vcu-gray-2:    #e0e0e0;
  --vcu-gray-3:    #767676;
  --vcu-gray-4:    #3d3d3d;
  --vcu-link:      #005eb8;
  --vcu-link-h:    #003f80;
  --font:          'Source Sans 3', 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif;
  --max-w:         1200px;
}
*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
html { scroll-behavior: smooth; }
body { font-family: var(--font); font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.7; color: var(--vcu-black); background: #fff; }
a { color: var(--vcu-link); text-decoration: underline; }
a:hover { color: var(--vcu-link-h); }
img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; }

/* ── UTIL BAR ── */
.util-bar { background: var(--vcu-black); padding: 0.35rem 0; font-size: 0.78rem; }
.util-inner { max-width: var(--max-w); margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1.5rem; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; }
.util-brand { color: var(--vcu-gold); font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; }
.util-brand:hover { color: #fff; }
.util-links a { color: #ccc; text-decoration: none; margin-left: 1.2rem; }
.util-links a:hover { color: var(--vcu-gold); text-decoration: underline; }

/* ── NAV ── */
nav { background: #fff; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--vcu-gray-2); position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 100; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.07); }
.nav-inner { max-width: var(--max-w); margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1.5rem; display: flex; align-items: stretch; justify-content: space-between; gap: 2rem; }
.nav-brand { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.7rem; padding: 0.85rem 0; text-decoration: none; }
.nav-mark { width: 64px; height: 64px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-weight: 700; font-size: 0.8rem; color: var(--vcu-black); flex-shrink: 0; }
.nav-label { line-height: 1.2; }
.nav-label strong { display: block; font-size: 0.97rem; color: var(--vcu-black); }
.nav-label span { font-size: 0.71rem; color: var(--vcu-gray-3); font-weight: 400; }
.nav-links { list-style: none; display: flex; align-items: stretch; }
.nav-links li a { display: flex; align-items: center; padding: 0 0.9rem; font-size: 0.87rem; font-weight: 600; color: var(--vcu-gray-4); text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 3px solid transparent; transition: color 0.15s, border-color 0.15s; }
.nav-links li a:hover { color: var(--vcu-black); border-bottom-color: var(--vcu-gold); }

/* ── BREADCRUMB ── */
.breadcrumb { background: var(--vcu-gray-1); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--vcu-gray-2); padding: 0.48rem 0; font-size: 0.79rem; }
.bc-inner { max-width: var(--max-w); margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1.5rem; }
.bc-inner ol { list-style: none; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0.25rem; align-items: center; }
.bc-inner li { color: var(--vcu-gray-3); }
.bc-inner li+li::before { content: '›'; margin-right: 0.25rem; }
.bc-inner a { color: var(--vcu-link); text-decoration: none; }
.bc-inner a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.bc-inner li:last-child { color: var(--vcu-gray-4); font-weight: 600; }

/* ── HERO ── */
.hero { background: var(--vcu-black); color: #fff; padding: 3.5rem 0 3.2rem; position: relative; min-height: 420px; }
.hero::after { content: ''; position: absolute; bottom: 0; left: 0; right: 0; height: 4px; background: var(--vcu-gold); }
.hero-inner { max-width: var(--max-w); margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1.5rem; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 3fr 5fr; gap: 3rem; align-items: stretch; }
.hero-eyebrow { font-size: 0.77rem; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--vcu-gold); margin-bottom: 0.55rem; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.5rem; }
.hero-eyebrow::before { content: ''; display: inline-block; width: 1.4rem; height: 2px; background: var(--vcu-gold); }
h1 { font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3rem); font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.1; color: #fff; margin-bottom: 0.7rem; }
.hero-deck { font-size: 1.02rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.7); max-width: 56ch; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; }
.hero-cta { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.35rem; background: var(--vcu-gold); color: var(--vcu-black); font-weight: 700; font-size: 0.88rem; padding: 0.62rem 1.3rem; text-decoration: none; transition: background 0.15s; }
.hero-cta:hover { background: #e5b020; color: var(--vcu-black); }
.hero-photo-panel { width: 100%; object-fit: cover; border: 3px solid rgba(247,194,39,0.3); }
.hero-photo-placeholder { width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 4/3; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05); border: 2px dashed rgba(247,194,39,0.2); display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.28); font-size: 0.77rem; text-align: center; gap: 0.5rem; }
.hero-photo-caption { font-size: 0.73rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.42); margin-top: 0.45rem; font-style: italic; }

/* ── SHELL ── */
.shell { max-width: var(--max-w); margin: 0 auto; padding: 2.5rem 1.5rem 4rem; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 210px 1fr; gap: 3rem; align-items: start; }

/* ── SIDEBAR ── */
.sidebar { position: sticky; top: 68px; }
.sb-group { margin-bottom: 1.8rem; }
.sb-title { font-size: 0.7rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--vcu-gray-3); border-bottom: 2px solid var(--vcu-gold); padding-bottom: 0.45rem; margin-bottom: 0.55rem; }
.sb-nav { list-style: none; }
.sb-nav li a { display: block; padding: 0.4rem 0.7rem; font-size: 0.875rem; color: var(--vcu-gray-4); text-decoration: none; border-left: 3px solid transparent; transition: all 0.14s; }
.sb-nav li a:hover, .sb-nav li a.active { border-left-color: var(--vcu-gold); color: var(--vcu-black); background: var(--vcu-gray-1); }
.sb-box { background: var(--vcu-gray-1); border-left: 4px solid var(--vcu-gold); padding: 0.9rem 0.9rem 0.9rem 0.8rem; font-size: 0.83rem; color: var(--vcu-gray-4); line-height: 1.6; }
.sb-box strong { display: block; font-size: 0.85rem; color: var(--vcu-black); margin-bottom: 0.3rem; }
.sb-box a { color: var(--vcu-link); font-size: 0.82rem; }

/* ── CONTENT ── */
main { min-width: 0; }
.sec { margin-bottom: 3.5rem; }
.sec-h { font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--vcu-black); border-bottom: 2px solid var(--vcu-gold); padding-bottom: 0.45rem; margin-bottom: 1.2rem; }
.prose { font-size: 0.975rem; color: var(--vcu-gray-4); line-height: 1.8; }
.prose p { margin-bottom: 0.9em; }
.prose p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }

/* focus grid */
.focus-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1px; background: var(--vcu-gray-2); border: 1px solid var(--vcu-gray-2); margin-top: 1.4rem; }
.focus-item { background: #fff; padding: 1.4rem; transition: background 0.15s; }
.focus-item:hover { background: var(--vcu-gray-1); }
.focus-num { font-size: 0.69rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--vcu-gold-dark); margin-bottom: 0.35rem; }
.focus-title { font-size: 0.96rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--vcu-black); margin-bottom: 0.35rem; line-height: 1.3; }
.focus-desc { font-size: 0.85rem; color: var(--vcu-gray-3); line-height: 1.7; }

/* publications */
.pub-list { list-style: none; }
.pub-item { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 48px 1fr auto; gap: 1.2rem; align-items: start; padding: 1.35rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--vcu-gray-2); }
.pub-item:first-child { border-top: 1px solid var(--vcu-gray-2); }
.pub-year { font-size: 0.77rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--vcu-gray-3); padding-top: 0.1rem; }
.pub-thumb { width: 48px; height: 64px; object-fit: cover; border: 1px solid var(--vcu-gray-2); }
.pub-title { font-size: 0.97rem; font-weight: 600; color: var(--vcu-black); line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 0.22rem; }
.pub-authors { font-size: 0.83rem; color: var(--vcu-gray-3); margin-bottom: 0.18rem; line-height: 1.5; }
.pub-journal { font-size: 0.84rem; font-style: italic; font-weight: 600; color: var(--vcu-gray-4); }
.pub-tag { display: inline-block; font-size: 0.67rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.07em; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 2px 7px; border-radius: 2px; white-space: nowrap; align-self: start; margin-top: 0.1rem; }
.tag-art { background: rgba(0,94,184,0.1); color: #005eb8; }
.tag-rev { background: rgba(201,149,30,0.12); color: var(--vcu-gold-dark); }

/* team */
.team-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(230px, 1fr)); gap: 1.4rem; margin-top: 1.2rem; }
.team-card { border: 1px solid var(--vcu-gray-2); background: #fff; transition: box-shadow 0.2s; }
.team-card:hover { box-shadow: 0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.09); }
.team-top { height: 4px; background: var(--vcu-gold); }
.team-body { padding: 1.3rem; }
.team-portrait { width: 100%; max-width: 400px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 1 / 1; object-fit: cover; object-position: center top; border: 1px solid var(--vcu-gray-2); margin-bottom: 0.9rem; }
.team-avatar { width: 100%; max-width: 200px; aspect-ratio: 1 / 1; background: var(--vcu-gold); color: var(--vcu-black); display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-weight: 700; font-size: 0.95rem; margin-bottom: 0.9rem; }
.team-name { font-size: 1.02rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--vcu-black); margin-bottom: 0.12rem; }
.team-role { font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.07em; color: var(--vcu-gold-dark); margin-bottom: 0.8rem; }
.team-bio { font-size: 0.875rem; color: var(--vcu-gray-3); line-height: 1.7; }
.team-badge { display: block; margin-top: 0.8rem; padding-top: 0.8rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--vcu-gray-2); font-size: 0.73rem; color: var(--vcu-gray-3); }

/* news */
.news-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(230px, 1fr)); gap: 1rem; margin-top: 1.2rem; }
.news-card { border: 1px solid var(--vcu-gray-2); background: #fff; display: flex; flex-direction: column; transition: box-shadow 0.2s; }
.news-card:hover { box-shadow: 0 3px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.08); }
.news-card-image { overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--vcu-gray-2); }
.news-card-image img { width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-fit: cover; transition: transform 0.3s; }
.news-card:hover .news-card-image img { transform: scale(1.03); }
.news-card-body { padding: 1.05rem; flex: 1; }
.news-type { display: inline-block; font-size: 0.67rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 2px 7px; border-radius: 2px; margin-bottom: 0.55rem; }
.type-paper  { background: rgba(0,94,184,0.1); color: #005eb8; }
.type-event  { background: rgba(201,149,30,0.12); color: var(--vcu-gold-dark); }
.type-update { background: var(--vcu-gray-1); color: var(--vcu-gray-3); }
.news-date { font-size: 0.74rem; color: var(--vcu-gray-3); margin-bottom: 0.35rem; }
.news-headline { font-size: 0.94rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--vcu-black); line-height: 1.35; margin-bottom: 0.45rem; }
.news-snippet { font-size: 0.83rem; color: var(--vcu-gray-3); line-height: 1.65; }

/* contact */
.info-box { background: var(--vcu-gray-1); border-left: 4px solid var(--vcu-gold); padding: 0.9rem 1.1rem; margin-bottom: 1.4rem; font-size: 0.9rem; color: var(--vcu-gray-4); line-height: 1.65; }
.info-box strong { color: var(--vcu-black); }
.contact-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 2.5rem; }
.contact-intro { font-size: 0.975rem; color: var(--vcu-gray-4); line-height: 1.8; }
.contact-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
.contact-table tr { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--vcu-gray-2); }
.contact-table tr:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
.contact-table td { padding: 0.6rem 0; font-size: 0.9rem; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.6; }
.contact-table td:first-child { font-weight: 600; color: var(--vcu-gray-3); font-size: 0.77rem; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.05em; width: 105px; padding-right: 1rem; }
.contact-table a { color: var(--vcu-link); }

/* research image slots */
.research-inset { margin: 0 0 1.5rem; border: 1px solid var(--vcu-gray-2); overflow: hidden; }
.research-inset img { width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-fit: cover; display: block; }
.research-inset figcaption { background: var(--vcu-gray-1); border-top: 3px solid var(--vcu-gold); font-size: 0.77rem; color: var(--vcu-gray-3); padding: 0.48rem 0.75rem; font-style: italic; }

/* footer */
footer { background: var(--vcu-black); color: rgba(255,255,255,0.65); padding: 2rem 0 1.5rem; }
.foot-inner { max-width: var(--max-w); margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1.5rem; }
.foot-top { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: flex-start; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 1.5rem; padding-bottom: 1.4rem; border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1); margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.foot-brand-name { font-size: 1rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--vcu-gold); margin-bottom: 0.18rem; }
.foot-brand-sub { font-size: 0.79rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.45); }
.foot-links { display: flex; gap: 1.1rem; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 0.81rem; }
.foot-links a { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.55); text-decoration: none; }
.foot-links a:hover { color: var(--vcu-gold); }
.foot-copy { font-size: 0.74rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.3); line-height: 1.7; }

/* carousel */
.carousel { position: relative; height: 380px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; }
.carousel-img { display: none; width: 100%; }
.carousel-img.active { display: block; flex: 1; min-height: 0; object-fit: cover; height: 100%; }
.carousel-controls { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 0.5rem; flex-shrink: 0; }
.carousel-btn { background: rgba(247,194,39,0.15); border: 1px solid rgba(247,194,39,0.4); color: var(--vcu-gold); font-size: 1rem; padding: 0.3rem 0.75rem; cursor: pointer; transition: background 0.15s; }
.carousel-btn:hover { background: rgba(247,194,39,0.3); }
.carousel-dots { display: flex; gap: 0.4rem; align-items: center; }
.carousel-dot { width: 7px; height: 7px; border-radius: 50%; background: rgba(247,194,39,0.3); cursor: pointer; border: none; padding: 0; transition: background 0.15s; }
.carousel-dot.active { background: var(--vcu-gold); }

/* ── HAMBURGER BUTTON ── */
.nav-toggle {
  display: none;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 5px;
  background: none;
  border: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  padding: 0.5rem;
  margin-left: auto;
  flex-shrink: 0;
}
.nav-toggle span {
  display: block;
  width: 22px;
  height: 2px;
  background: var(--vcu-black);
  border-radius: 2px;
  transition: transform 0.25s, opacity 0.25s;
  transform-origin: center;
}
.nav-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] span:nth-child(1) { transform: translateY(7px) rotate(45deg); }
.nav-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] span:nth-child(2) { opacity: 0; transform: scaleX(0); }
.nav-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] span:nth-child(3) { transform: translateY(-7px) rotate(-45deg); }

/* responsive */
@media (max-width: 860px) {
  /* Shell: sidebar below main on mobile */
  .shell { grid-template-columns: 1fr; padding: 2rem 1rem 3rem; }
  .sidebar { position: static; order: 2; }
  main { order: 1; }

  /* Hero */
  .hero { padding: 2rem 0 2rem; min-height: unset; }
  .hero-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 1.5rem; }
  /* Hide the carousel panel on tablet/mobile — it's decorative */
  .carousel { display: none; }

  /* Research focus grid: 2-col is fine at tablet, single col at phone */
  .contact-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 1.5rem; }

  /* Publications: stack the 3-column grid */
  .pub-item { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 0.3rem; }
  .pub-year { margin-bottom: 0.1rem; }
  .pub-tag { margin-top: 0.4rem; }
}

@media (max-width: 600px) {
  /* Util bar */
  .util-links { display: none; }

  /* Hamburger: show button, convert nav-links to drawer */
  .nav-toggle { display: flex; }
  .nav-inner { flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0; padding: 0 1rem; }
  .nav-brand { padding: 0.7rem 0; }

  .nav-links {
    display: flex; /* overrides the old display:none */
    flex-direction: column;
    width: 100%;
    max-height: 0;
    overflow: hidden;
    transition: max-height 0.3s ease, padding 0.3s ease;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--vcu-gray-2);
    background: #fff;
    padding: 0;
  }
  .nav-links.open {
    max-height: 400px;
    padding: 0.4rem 0 0.6rem;
  }
  .nav-links li a {
    padding: 0.65rem 1rem;
    border-bottom: none;
    border-left: 3px solid transparent;
    font-size: 0.93rem;
  }
  .nav-links li a:hover {
    border-left-color: var(--vcu-gold);
    border-bottom-color: transparent;
    background: var(--vcu-gray-1);
  }

  /* Hero: tighten up for 375px */
  .hero { padding: 1.6rem 0 1.8rem; }
  .hero-inner { padding: 0 1rem; }
  h1 { font-size: 1.75rem; }
  .hero-deck { font-size: 0.93rem; max-width: 100%; }
  .hero-cta { font-size: 0.85rem; padding: 0.55rem 1.1rem; }

  /* Breadcrumb: tighten padding */
  .bc-inner { padding: 0 1rem; }

  /* Shell padding */
  .shell { padding: 1.5rem 1rem 2.5rem; }

  /* Focus grid: single column on phones */
  .focus-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }

  /* Team + News: force single column — override auto-fit which still fits 2 cols at 375px */
  .team-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .news-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }

  /* Footer */
  .foot-top { flex-direction: column; gap: 1rem; }
  .foot-links { gap: 0.75rem; }
}